A review of the ecological and socioeconomic characteristics of trophy hunting across Asia

The continuing debates about trophy hunting should be underpinned by an understanding of at least the basic characteristics practice (e.g. species, quotas, areas, prices). Whilst many countries in Asia have established programmes considerable importance to conservation and local livelihoods, there remains some ambiguity over extent as its each country not been compiled. In this study, we compile information on various ecological socioeconomic mammals for across reviewing published unpublished literature, analysing trade data, obtaining contributions from in-country contacts. Across Asia, exist 11 target 30 species one hybrid (incl., five Vulnerable Endangered species). Trophy these varies markedly areas >1 million km2 Kazakhstan, 37% country, vs. 1325 Nepal, <1% country) annual offtakes Kazakhstan: 4500 individuals 4 5 species; Pakistan: 229 7; Mongolia: 155 6 9; Tajikistan: 126 3 6; Nepal: 22 that are hunted practice). Permit prices also vary countries, with domestic international hunters sometimes charged different rates. Hunters USA appear overwhelmingly prominent among clients. National legislations typically mandate a proportion revenue accrue locally (range: 40–100%). We provide key recommendations research inform policy Asia: (1) Ecological impact assessments; (2) Socioeconomic (3) Evaluations spending; (4) post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework; (5) Further examinations perceptions hunting.